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Cognitive models of information retrieval
Cognitive models of information retrieval rest on the mix of areas such as cognitive science, human-computer interaction, information retrieval, and library science. They describe the relationship between a person's cognitive model of the information sought and the organization of this information in an information system. These models attempt to understand how a person is searching for information so that the database and the search of this database can be designed in such a way as to best serve the user. Information retrieval may incorporate multiple tasks and cognitive problems, particularly because different people may have different methods for attempting to find this information and expect the information to be in different forms. Cognitive models of information retrieval may be attempts at something as apparently prosaic as improving search results or may be something more complex, such as attempting to create a database which can be queried with natural language search.
==Berrypicking==
One way of understanding how users search for information has been described by Marcia Bates〔Marcia Bates (1989). "The Design of Browsing and Berrypicking Techniques for the Online Search Interface." http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/berrypicking.html〕 at the University of California at Los Angeles. Bates argues that "berrypicking" better reflects how users search for information than previous models of information retrieval. This may be because previous models were strictly linear and did not incorporate cognitive questions. For instance, one typical model is of a simple linear match between a query and a document. However, Bates points out that there are simple modifications that can be made to this process. For instance, Salton has argued that user feedback may help improve the search results.〔Gerard Salton (1968). ''Automatic Information and Retrieval'' (Computer Science). Dubuque, Iowa: Mcgraw-Hill Inc.〕
Bates argues that searches are evolving and occur bit by bit. That is to say, a person constantly changes his or her search terms in response to the results returned from the information retrieval system. Thus, a simple linear model does not capture the nature of information retrieval because the very act of searching causes feedback which causes the user to modify his or her cognitive model of the information being searched for. In addition, information retrieval can be bit by bit. Bates gives a number of examples. For instance, a user may look through footnotes and follow these sources. Or, a user may scan through recent journal articles on the topic. In each case, the user's question may change and thus the search evolves.
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